新疆低温奶消费情况调研报告

本文旨在探讨影响新疆低温乳消费市场的限制性因素及相应的对策。调研通过网络调查问卷和实地调研走访相结合的方式,从乳制品消费结构、消费能力,低温奶认知、低温奶购买意愿、购买便利性、购买偏好及健康饮奶习惯等方面分析影响新疆低温乳消费市场的因素。结果显示:32.93%的消费者不了解乳中生物活性物质(如乳铁蛋白)的热敏性,39.97%的消费者不能区分各类液态乳产品,47.64%的消费者有煮沸巴氏杀菌乳后饮用的习惯;43.21%的消费者"担心未消毒彻底,存在细菌",36.30%的消费者认为"加热后可增加营养价值和香味";72.64%的消费者曾感到"购买巴氏杀菌乳不方便";54.85%的消费者认为本地品牌"更新鲜、更健康"。结果启示:本地乳企应该充分利用在当地的良好品牌信誉度和牧场资源,尽早布局低温奶市场,通过研发高品质低温乳制品、普及科学饮奶理念、改善冷链物流能力、完善购物体验和精细化服务能力等手段,提高生产竞争力,抵御进口乳制品和常温乳对当地乳品市场的冲击,占领区域低温奶消费市场。     

中药资源产业副产品循环利用模式研究

"健康中国"建设战略的提出促使我国中药资源产业必须走一条高质量发展之路。但目前我国中药资源产业还未摆脱粗放、污染和孤岛式的发展模式。通过分析中药资源产业生产过程中产生的副产品及废弃物现象及原因、传统处理方式的不足,基于循环经济和超循环经济理论,研究如何高质量绿色发展,创新中药副产品循环利用的模式,构建中药资源高效利用的超循环经济模式体系,最后提出了促进我国中药资源产业高质量发展的策略建议。     

Developing a Subjective Evaluation Scale for Assessing the Built Environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative

Objective To develop a preliminary subjective evaluation scale for assessing the built environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative and to evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods The initial items of the scale were determined based on a review of policy documents and consultations with experts. The final items of the scale were confirmed through individual interviews with residents combined with the discretetrend method, critical ratio method, correlation coefficient method, and factor analysis method. Then, the dimensions of the scale were determined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The Cronbach's α coefficient, split-half reliability coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the reliability and validity of the scale. Results A scale containing five dimensions with 22 items was established, including urban lifestyle, governance, basic functions, environmental sanitation, and amenities. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.876, and the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.796. The CFA results indicate that each inspection level was within the standard limit. Conclusion The preliminarily subjective evaluation scale for assessing the built environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative demonstrates a high level of reliability and validity. Additional empirical studies should be carried out to further verify the value of the scale in terms of practical application.     

Temporal and geographical trends in indications for implantation of cardiac defibrillators in Europe 1993-1998. Medtronic ICD System Investigators

Despite the demonstrated efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in reducing sudden and total mortality in selected populations, their implantation rates vary greatly between countries. The aim of our study was to analyze temporal and geographical trends in ICD implantations in countries with similar health related expenditure in Western Europe. A total of 2,257 patients from ten European evaluation studies of Medtronic defibrillators and defibrillation electrodes, conducted between 1993 and 1998, representing 12 countries, was included in this analysis. Rates of implantation and clinical characteristics were compared between countries and years of implantation. Rates of implantation differed greatly between Western European countries and did not correlate with indices of health related expenditure (i.e., number of patients per physician and number of patients per hospital bed). However, there was a strong and statistically significant negative correlation between the use of amiodarone and the rates of implantation (r = -0.66, P = 0.02). Temporal trends showed a significant increase in the age of the patients receiving an ICD between 1993 and 1998 (57 +/- 14 vs 61 +/- 12 years, mean +/- SD, P < 0.001). There was also a temporal trend towards an increased incidence of coronary artery disease and a significant decrease in the incidence of cardiomyopathy. There was a temporal increase in implantations in patients with a history of ventricular tachycardia. Despite a general scientific agreement that ICDs are a first line treatment for patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death, their acceptance remains low in several developed countries. This low acceptance may not be entirely related to budget constraint but may also be related to their perceived efficacy by physicians and health authorities.     

青少年焦虑情绪与家庭环境、心理弹性之间的关联研究

目的 探寻青少年焦虑情绪与家庭结构、家庭环境因素和情感虐待之间的关系,为早期预防青少年焦虑情绪障碍提供参考依据。方法 采用整群抽样法,于2014-2016年对河南省新乡市3 230名初高中生进行一般社会资料问卷、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查量表(SCARED)、家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)、中文版心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)评估测评后,进行多因素的Logistic回归分析焦虑情绪与家庭结构和环境因素之间的关联。结果 1)有效问卷为2 906份,有焦虑情绪为1 071名(36.9%);2)青少年焦虑和母亲外出打工有明显关联(χ²=5.066,P=0.026);3)家庭环境因素的亲密度(OR=0.906,95% CI:0.856~0.959),娱乐性(OR=0.935,95%CI:0.896~0.975)是青少年焦虑情绪的保护因素,家庭矛盾性(OR=1.128,95%CI:1.078~1.181)、控制性(OR=1.064,95%CI:1.016~1.115)是青少年焦虑情绪的危险因素。4)坚韧性(OR=0.939,95%CI:0.914~0.964)、接受变化(OR=0.856,95%CI:0.817~0.896)是青少年焦虑情绪的保护因素,忍受消极情绪是青少年焦虑情绪的危险因素(OR=1.047,95%CI:1.010~1.085)。 结论 青少年家庭环境亲密度、娱乐性是影响青少年焦虑的保护性因素,长期忍受消极情绪增加了焦虑的风险,相反,越能提高坚韧性和抗压适应,越可以降低青少年焦虑的风险。     

2013年连州市农村饮水安全工程水质卫生状况调查

目的了解连州市2013年农村饮水安全工程水质卫生状况,为有效运行管理提供依据。方法对连州市12个乡镇的185个农村饮水安全工程水质卫生状况进行调查,随机抽取45个监测点,分别于枯水期和丰水期采集出厂水和末梢水进行检测。结果全市185宗农村饮水安全工程中,具备完全水处理工艺工程的占11.35%,大多数工程仅对水质沉淀、过滤处理;日供水量300t的占70.05%,82.17%的工程未对水质进行消毒或有效消毒。共采集180份,合格率60.56%,枯水期、丰水期水质分别为52.22%、68.89%,不同采样时期、水处理方式、供水能力、消毒情况合格率差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。主要超标项目是微生物学指标。结论连州市农村饮水安全工程水质合格率偏低,微生物污染较为严重,存在传播介水传染病的隐患。     

Health risks and informal employment in South Africa: does formality protect health?

Background:

The association between work and health has not been well explored in the context of economically developing countries, largely due to inadequate data.

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to identify the association between informal wage work and health in South Africa using a newly available data set that includes detailed information on both employment and health.

Methods:

To explore the relationship between formality, work, and health in South Africa, data from the first (2008) wave of the National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) were analyzed. We constructed a “formality index” which represents work arrangements on a continuum of formality to informality allowing for a more nuanced analysis of the association between wage work and health.

Results:

We found that formality of employment was significantly associated with health in South Africa, but that the protective effect of formality in employment on health was largely derived from the higher levels of income earned through more formal types of employment. Nevertheless, we did find that the association between informality and poor health was significantly greater for women in wage employment than for males.     

Stakeholders’ perception of the possible implications of “green jobs” for health and safety at work in Italy

Despite all the emphasis laid today on the green economy, occupational health and safety (OHS) issues have still been talked only limitedly, as already noted in previous studies and literature reviews. The Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene of the Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL) has conducted a survey among some Italian stakeholders, social partners, institutions and “green” businesses to gather their perceptions of the potential effects of green jobs on OHS, particularly in the renewable energy sector. The survey involved a sample of 61 stakeholders in the following categories: institutions (11), trade unions (11), employers’ organizations (13), businesses (11), research (15). Participation in this survey of national stakeholders who have a central role in the development and management of policies on renewable energy and OHS, allowed to analyze in depth the fundamental aspects for a fair transition towards green economy. Also, the good agreement among respondents brought to light quite clearly the main critical points as regards the OHS implications of green work in Italy, and pointed to the principal policies to be adopted to safeguard workers’ health and safety.